Fluoride strengthens tooth enamel by promoting remineralization, making it more resistant to acid attacks from bacteria and sugar and inhibiting bacterial growth that causes cavities.
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Children receive fluoride from multiple sources, including tap water, toothpaste, and professional dental treatments such as fluoride varnish. The discovery of fluoride’s protective effects was accidental—scientists observed that children consuming naturally fluoridated water developed fluorosis (discoloured enamel) but had lower rates of tooth decay. This led to research establishing an optimal fluoride concentration in drinking water, set at 0.7 parts per million in 2015. Water fluoridation remains a cornerstone of cavity prevention in the United States, with most communities in Michigan adhering to recommended fluoride levels. Studies indicate that childhood tooth decay rates rise significantly in cities discontinuing fluoridation.
The potential impact of fluoride on children’s intellectual development remains debated. Some studies suggest a possible association between high fluoride exposure and lower IQ scores, though many fail to account for confounding factors like heavy metal contamination in water. Continued research is necessary to assess potential risks, particularly at current fluoridation levels.
Fluoride in water, toothpaste, and dental treatments functions like seat belts and airbags in a car—together, they offer optimal protection against tooth decay. Parents should collaborate with dentists to ensure children receive adequate fluoride while maintaining good oral hygiene.